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The steady encroachment of Anglo American settlers on Native American land and clashes among various Native American populations, and amongst Native populations and frontiersmen and women, prompted the Texas government to establish separate Indian lands or reservations.
During the Mexican period in Texas, the government decided to award land titles to "civilized tribes." Despite the intentions to award land to Native American people, not all groups were treated equally. Various Native American groups were offered hollow promises that fed hostilities between the Native populations and Mexican and Anglo American settlers. Mexico offered little assistance in the protection of Anglo frontiersmen and women from hostile Indians. Indian relations during the Mexican periods and the Republic period in Texas involved aggressive pursuit of Peace treaties and trade agreements by the Anglo American residents of Texas. With the annexation of Texas, sentiments shifted from granting Native American populations land within Texas to moving them out of Texas and into Indian Territory. The Civil War hurt Indian Anglo relations and many Native people rebelled against returning to reservations. Following the Civil War, Native Americans were once again living on reservations in Indian Territory.
"Federal Indian policy during the period from 1870 to 1900 marked a departure from earlier policies that were dominated by removal, treaties, reservations, and even war. The new policy focused specifically on breaking up reservations by granting land allotments to individual Native Americans. Very sincere individuals reasoned that if a person adopted white clothing and ways, and was responsible for his own farm, he would gradually drop his Indianess and be assimilated into the population. Then there would be no more necessity for the government to oversee Indian welfare in the paternalistic way it had been obligated to do, or provide meager annuities that seemed to keep the Indian in a subservient and poverty stricken position (NARA, Digital Classroom: Maps of Indian Territory, the Dawes Act, and Will Rogers' Enrollment Case File )."
- 1823 Austin led an expedition against the Karankawas. They reached an agreement that they would not move east of the San Antonio and Guadalupe rivers
- 1824 Shawnee Indians were awarded one square mile of land for each warrior;
Treaty with the Tonkawas, Karankawas, Wacos, and Tawakonis
- 1826 Fredonia Rebellion
- 1836 Treaty with the Cherokee sought to provide peace;
Establishment of a border ranger force designed to provide protection;
The northern Comanches and their Kiowa allies raided Fort Parker; Cynthia Ann Parker and others taken captive
- 1837 Treaty with the Tonkawas at Bexar
- 1838 Treaty with the Lipan Apaches at Live Oak Point;
Treaty with the Tonkawas at Houston;
Treaty with the Comanches at Houston;
Treaties with the Kichais, Tawakonis, Wacos, and Taovayas near the mouth of the Washita at Shawnee Village in what is now Fannin County
- 1838 Córdova Rebellion
- 1839 Cherokee Indians driven from Texas
- 1843 Tehuahana Creek Councils;
Permanent treaty the Delawares, Chickasaws, Wacos, Tawakonis, Kichais, Anadarkos, Hainais, Biloxis, and Cherokees, participating
- 1845 Treaty with the Comanche;
Treaty with the Wichitas
- 1852 The state decided to provide land for two reservations
- 1854 bill passed to allocate twelve leagues of land for Indian reservations;
Randolph B. Marcy, in conjunction with Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors, began to locate and survey land for the Indian reservations in unsettled territory;
Alabama and Coushatta Indians were allotted land in Polk Texas
- 1856 Most Indians from eastern Texas were relocated to reservations
- 1859 Announced that reserve Indians would be moved out of Texas and into Indian Territory
- 1887 Dawes Act Passed
The Portal to Texas History
Indian Reservations in The Handbook of Texas
Indian Relations in The Handbook of Texas
Fredonia Rebellion in The Handbook of Texas
Cynthia Ann Parker in The Handbook of Texas
Córdova Rebellion in The Handbook of Texas
Caddo Indians in The Handbook of Texas
Apaches in The Handbook of Texas
Jumanos in The Handbook of Texas
Tonkawas in The Handbook of Texas
Coahuiltecans in The Handbook of Texas
Atakapans in The Handbook of Texas
Patarabueyes in The Handbook of Texas
Karankawas in The Handbook of Texas
Lesson Plan: Maps of Indian Territory, the Dawes Act, and Will Rogers' Enrollment Case File from NARA's Digital Classroom
Map of Indian Territory from PBS, Perspectives on the West
Texas Beyond History
Learn about Texas Indians from Texas Parks and Wildlife
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