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The following Native American cultures were present in Texas when European explorers first arrived: Apaches, Caddos, Jumanos, Tonkawas, Coahuiltecans, Atakapans, Patarabueyes, and Karankawas. Spanish explorers first came into contact with Native Americans in the region known as Texas in 1528 when Cabaza de Vaca and his companions were taken captive by the Tonkawa Indians who were living on Texas' coast. Some Native populations were friendly to the early explorers, however, friendly or hostile all Native peoples suffered disastrous effects from illnesses the European explorers brought into their lands.
Caddo Indians in The Handbook of Texas
Apaches in The Handbook of Texas
Jumanos in The Handbook of Texas
Tonkawas in The Handbook of Texas
Coahuiltecans in The Handbook of Texas
Atakapans in The Handbook of Texas
Patarabueyes in The Handbook of Texas
Karankawas in The Handbook of Texas
Learn about Texas Indians from Texas Parks and Wildlife
Texas Beyond History
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